邢唷>? BD?A欹€ 餜?bjbj8&xx< < 83 ???????75?Z?-?€?}}}:?}?}}j/2k+庋^~0??03?38d3842382t}??}338<  K: D桍N1 D崺R啒遅Introduction,aim and objectivesA collaborative NSFC-NWO-EPSRC research programme on  Sustainable Deltas is proposed. This joint activity focuses on research challenges for sustainable and safe deltas within the broader framework of the water sector. A number of thematic areas have been identified, including water availability, water system analysis, salinisation and desiccation, water governance, and new solutions for passenger and freight transportation in deltas and coastal waters. Focal areasGiven the general aim and objectives of this call, three focal areas have been defined:Resilient urban planning and management;Optimising water allocation and use in the delta;Integrated coastal zone management.These focal areas link issues from the water sector to other economic and development-relevant themes, such as energy, logistics, and agri-food.Key concerns include:Improving and maintaining quality of life through the sustainable supply of clean water for all against a background of environmental change;Adaptation of current industrial processes and practices to reduce over-reliance on the use of water.Resilient urban planning and managementIn 2050 more than 70% of the world population will be concentrated in cities, most of which will be located in low-lying deltas. These urban centres face enormous challenges and opportunities in their development, as a result of increased competition between land uses and infrastructural requirements (i.e., spatial planning). Strengthening resilience to extreme events and adaptation to the impacts of climate change (i.e., sea-level rise, ground subsidence, peaks in water discharge from hinterlands, and to periods of water shortages) urgently requires new solutions. Challenges include:Developing innovative governance approaches for managing floods and droughts in deltas and cities;Designing adaptive capacity in rapidly and often spontaneously developing deltas to ensure water safety;Combining spatial planning and sound disaster management by optimizing land use, institutions and mechanisms for more efficient, inclusive and sustainable urbanisation;Exploring eco-dynamic design options to provide opportunities for nature as part of urban development processes;Reducing urban footprints and developing performance evaluation systems to mitigate environmental impacts.Optimising water allocation and use in the deltaIncreasing population growth and economic activities, as well as impacts of climate change (i.e., high precipitation levels and droughts), cause deltaic areas to face growing problems due to scarcity and competing claims on resources. Growing demand and contamination puts pressure on fresh water supply, nutrients for food, as well as existing energy production sources. New solutions are needed in allocating water resources in relation to land-use and spatial planning. In this theme our aim is to support projects that have the potential to contribute to the realisation of a circular economy, developing sustainable technologies that help close cycles in ways that contribute to environmental or health safety and that are economically profitable.The scope of this theme includes the following areas: water treatment and purification, water re-use, urban water sustainability, energy recovery from water treatment, real-time optimisation and management of large-scale water systems in terms of flood-risk management.It should be noted that the development of new food production technologies (憁ore crop per drop? is outside the scope of this theme.Integrated coastal zone managementUrbanisation processes in delta areas pose challenges and opportunities for the sustainable development of coastal zones, in particular for port areas, infrastructure, transport and fisheries. Transport-related trade may boost economic development, but may also bring negative impacts for people (e.g., land use conflicts) and the environment (e.g., pollution, the vulnerability of marine ecosystems). Marine environments also offer opportunities for energy and food production for a delta. 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