邢唷>? <>?;欹€ 餜cbjbj2xxU GGGGG[[[8 [?l.n.n.n.n.n.n.?w4`n.!Gn.GGZ?^GGl.l. ,?`渖駓佳[k:?X.?0???X?,??G?dn.n.??  : D桍N1 乢茤啒遅魦fBiosphere Evolution, Transitions and Resilience (BETR) is a strategic research programme jointly supported by the UK s NERC and China s NSFC. Scientific objectivesStudying the fossil record can provide insights into how the biosphere responds to change, including if there are traits whose loss can precipitate ecosystem collapse and whether there is a relationship between biodiversity and biosphere resilience. A better understanding of how ecosystems have responded to change in the past can therefore enable better predictions of how present day ecosystems will respond to future change. To determine the rates and causes of change in the fossil record a diverse range of geological, biotic and geochemical data needs to be integrated; and this integration is dependent on having tightly constrained ages for the datasets. The aim of the BETR programme is to support the interdisciplinary research needed to determine the rates and causes of change. This aim will be achieved by combining geochemical, geochronological and palaeontological data into a common geospatial framework which is integrated process-based models of evolutionary ecology coupled to biogeochemistry and climate. Successful projects will be expected to address each of the following three questions:When and how were the stability/resilience regimes of the biosphere transformed?Advancing knowledge of the character, drivers and long-term implications of perturbations to the biosphere to understand the comparative stability and resilience of different ecosystemsDo environmental or biotic drivers govern evolutionary change?Understanding the relative contributions of different drivers, for example can the loss of particular traits precipitate ecosystem collapse, and is there a relationship between biodiversity and biosphere resilience.How have the coupled biogeochemical cycles changed through time?Determining the link between perturbations in biogeochemical cycles and environmental, climatic and evolutionary crises, including the strength and timescales of feedbacks and how they influence the scale of biotic change and the stabilisation of ecosystems after the event.This programme will focus on exploring palaeontological sites in China, which has a diverse range of well-preserved fossil localities that cover all of main periods of biotic change in Earth抯 history.Projects can work on one or more Chinese fossil locality, but must clearly set out how the chosen sites will contribute to the delivery of the BETR programme goal of advancing our understanding of the biosphere. Funding will be conditional on NERC and NSFC receiving confirmation that both Chinese and UK researchers have permission to access and study the selected field site/s. It is recognised that it may not be possible to confirm access prior to the closing date for this call, where this is the case proposals should set out the process for securing permission to enable the reviewers to assess whether appropriate steps are being taken to minimise the risks of permission not being granted.Non-scientific objectivesThere are several non-scientific objectives that applicants are expected to address:BETR aims to support the development of genuine, meaningful collaborations between researchers in the UK and China and applications should demonstrate how they will achieve this aim.It is expected that individual projects will give some consideration to linking up with other projects/themes funded as part of this call so that the programme is an integrated and cohesive investment. 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